Appendix 2.
Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Harari Language.

[Editor's note: This appendix is only partially available. The original contains a large number of Arabic characters that I cannot reproduce. Omissions are noted by <A>.]

Grammatical Outline.

Preliminary Remarks.

The caution necessary for the stranger who would avoid exciting the suspicions of an African despot and Moslem bigots prevented my making any progress, during my short residence at the capital, in the Harari language. But once more safe among the Girhi Mountains, circumspection was no longer necessary. The literati who assisted in my studies were a banished citizen of Harar; Sa'id Wal, an old Bedawi; and Ali Sha'ir, "the Poet," a Girhi Somal celebrated for his wit, his poetry, and his eloquence. I found the last most useful, and his linguistic sagacity enabled me to perform a feat of no ordinary difficulty, that of drawing out a grammatical sketch of the language. But time pressed, and few days remained for work. Our hours were spent in unremitting toil: we began at sunrise, the hut was ever crowded with Badawi critics, and it was late at night before the manuscript was laid by. On the evening of the third day, my three literati started upon their feet, shook my hand, declaring that I knew as much as they themselves did.

Returning to Aden, I was fortunate enough to find there a friend, Lieutenant Dansey, 1^st Bombay European regiment, who, seeing me embarrassed by preparations for an expedition, kindly volunteered to write out, and, with the assistance of one Farih Dibani, a Somali of the Habr Jul Jailah clan, to revise my notes. He spent much time and more trouble over his self-imposed task, and the attention which he bestowed upon each word may be considered a guarantee of accuracy.⁽³⁷⁵⁾

"Whether the scholars of the Hebrew, Ethiopic, and Arabic," I may remark in the words of M. Kraph ("Outline of the Kisuaheli Language," p. 6), "will derive any important aid from the knowledge of this tongue, is a question which I must answer in the negative; though it cannot be uninteresting to the Arabic scholar to observe the manner in which the Arabic has been amalgamated with the African language."

* * * * *

1. The people of Harar ignore the origin of their language. It probably dates from our mediæval time, when the Hadiyah Empire flourished upon the ruins of the Christian states. In the present day it is absolutely confined within the walls of the city, which is surrounded on all sided by Gallas. Through the medium of Harari the Arabic language and the religious sciences are explained to the inhabitants: almost all the women and not a few of the citizens can speak no other tongue. The numerous Somal who visit and temporarily settle at Harar usually learn some sentences. But few penetrate deep into the language: at this moment, in Aden, amongst about 2000, one only is found capable of revising the vocabulary.

2. The Harari appears, like the Galla, the Dankali, and the Somali, its sisters, to be a Semitic graft inserted into an indigenous stock.⁽³⁷⁶⁾ The pronouns, for instance, and many of the numerals are clearly Arabic, whilst the forms of the verb are African, and not unlike the vulgar tongues of modern India. Again, many of the popular expressions, without which conversation could not be carried on (e.g. Labbay, "here I am," in answer to a call), are pure Arabic. We are justified then in determining this dialect to be, like the Galla, the Dankali, and the Somali, a semi-Semite.⁽³⁷⁷⁾

3. The Harari is not a written language, and the Arabic character imperfectly expresses its sound. It excites our wonder to see tongues so elaborate, with rules of eloquence and a poetry cultivated after the canons of rhythm and rhyme, destitute of an alphabet.⁽³⁷⁸⁾ In Sind and India, on the contrary, every local variety of dialect has its own syllabarium modified from the Arabic or the Sanscrit. To account for the phenomenon, we must take refuge in some psychical cause hitherto unexplained. The Harari, when writing their songs and translations, use the Koranic character.

4. The pronunciation of the Harari dialect,⁽³⁷⁹⁾ unlike the soft Galla and Somali, is harsh and guttural; a fact which causes astonishment, as it is spoken in a warm climate and within walls, where men generally soften sound. The Arabic letter khá (<A>) is its characteristic.

* * * * *

The letters which require comment in this sketch are--

1. The Arabic hamzah or broken a' (<A>); e.g. ma'altu, day, bá'u, a merchant.⁽³⁸⁰⁾

2. A peculiar sound resembling chya (<Sanskrit>) in Sanscrit; e.g. koch (<A>) a eunuch. In pronunciation it is sometimes confounded with sh; e.g. abosh or aboch, a man.

3. The Arabic há (<A>); as in gih (<A>), a live coal; zikeh, gold.

4. The Arabic káf (<A>); as in kaytal (<A>), a ship: this sound is also common in Somali.

5. The Sanscrit l (l<Sanskrit>); as in hillu (<A>), truly.

6. The Sanscrit nasal n (<Sanskrit>); as in the pronoun Inyash (<A>), we.

7. The Cerebral t (4<Sanskrit>); as in the word át (<A>), a bone.

Like the Somali, the Harari tongue is remarkable for the hardness and the distinctness with which the consonants, those great discriminators of language, are articulated. To investigate this phenomenon, which has the peculiarity of varying according to the position of the letter, would lead me into a digression for which I have neither time nor space. Whenever a consonant is to be emphasized, it is denoted in the following pages by reduplication.

The system of orthography is the modified form of Sir W. Jones's alphabet: accents, however, have been used to denote the long vowels.

1. a is pronounced as in the English "hat."
2. á, as in "father."
3. ay, as in "hay."
4. áy, as in the Spanish "ay."
5. i, as in the English "if."
6. í, as ee in the English ''sheer.⁽³⁸¹⁾''

Of the Article.

5. The definite is like the indefinite article, inherent in the noun.

e.g. A horse and an ass; fares w wajayr.

The son of the king; nagárshí lijjay.

The following examples will show the peculiarity of this part of speech:--

     A plate and the knife; Sehan wá masháh.
     The town of Aden; Aden bád.
     He went to the king; Nagárshí de hárá.
     The child and the father; Lijjay wá au-zo (literally, his father).

Of the Noun.

6. The noun has two genders, Masculine and Feminine.

Masculine nouns may be converted into feminines by three processes. The first changes the terminal vowel into -it, or adds -it to the terminal consonant.

e.g.	rágá, an old man;	rágít, an old woman.
	bushshí, a dog;	bushshít, a bitch.
	wasíf, a slave boy;	wasífít, a slave girl.

Animals of different sexes have different names. and this forms the second process.

e.g bárá, an ox; lám, a cow.

The third and the most common way of expressing sex is by means of abosh (<A>), "male or man," and inistí (corrupted from the Arabic <A>), woman, " female.

They correspond with our " he-" and " she-."

e.g.	faras, a stallion;	inisti faras, a mare.
	abosh baghl, a he mule;	inisti baghl, a she mule.

7. The noun has two numbers, Singular and Plural. The affix -ásh changes singulars into plurals.

e.g.	abosh, a man;	aboshásh, men.
	wandag, a servant;	wandagásh, servants.
	gár, a house;	gárásh, houses.

Nouns ending in the long á become plural without reduplicating this letter.

e.g.	gáfá, a slave;	gáfásh (for gáfáásh), slaves.
	gubná, a harlot;	gubnásh, harlots.

When the singular terminates in the sound -ay, so common in the Somali and Harari dialects, the plural is formed by affixing -ásh to the consonant preceding that diphthong.

e.g.

lijjay, a son;

lijjásh (for lijjiásh), sons.

The same is the case with nouns terminating in í.

e.g.

kabri, a grave;

kabrásh (for kabriásh), graves.

When the singular ends in the soft sibilant, it is usually changed into z.

e.g.	fares, a horse;	farazásh, horses.
	irás, a cloth;	irázásh, cloths.

8. The noun in Harari, as in the Somali language, has no cases: the following is the way in which casal relations are expressed:--

	Nom. and Acc.,		amír, a chief.
	Dative,		amír lay, to a chief.
	Vocative,		amir-o! O chief.⁽³⁸²⁾
	Ablative,		amír bay, or be, from a chief.

The Genitive case, as in the Somali, is expressed by simply prefixing the name of the person to the thing possessed.

e.g. The Amir's son, Amir lijjay (literally, Amir-son).

The Sultan's house, Sultán gár.
The gardens of Harar, Gay Harshásh.

To obviate the unintelligibility often arising from this formation, or rather absence of formation, the word zo or so (his) is sometimes added to the name of the thing possessed.

e.g. Ahmad's turban, Ahmad imamah-zo (literally, Ahmad his turban).
The Kazi's brother, Kází íh-zo.

Of the Adjective.

9. The adjective, like the noun, has no cases properly so called. In some instances they precede their nouns.

e.g.	Táy barti, a black staff.
	Gidor abbá, a tall man.

At other times they follow their substantives.

e.g.	Shundud zikch, a golden necklace.
	Majlis gidir, a large assembly.

Adjectives, like nouns, alter their terminations in the feminine form.

e.g.	Uzn zalayla, a deaf man; in the feminine, Uzn zalaylit.
	Kibrí zálá, a proud man; in the feminine, Kibrí zálí.

As in the Somali tongue, degrees of comparison are expressed by phrases, not by any change of the adjective.

e.g.	Comparative.	(This is greater than that.
		(Yá be yí igadrí hal (lit. that than this great is).

	Superlative.	(This is the greatest.
		(Yí jammí be igadrí hal (lit. this all than great is).

Of Numerals.

10. The following are the cardinal numbers:--

       1. Ahad (<A>).
       2. Kot.
       3. Shíshtí.
       4. Harad (<A>).
       5. Hamistí (<A>).
       6. Saddistí.
       7. Sátí.
       8. Sot or Sút.
       9. Sehtan (Zehtayn).
      10. Assir.
      11. Ahad assir.
      12. Kot wá assir.
      20. Koyah.
      30. Sáseh.
      40. Arbaín (?).
      50. Hamistí assir.
      60. Siddistí assir.
       70. Sát assir.
       80. Sút assir.
       90. Zehtaná or Sehtaná.
      100. Baklá or Boghol (<A>, the Somali word).
     1000. Kum (Somali) or Alfí (Arabic).

11. The ordinals are formed by affixing -khá to the numerals.

e.g.	Ahad-khá, first.	Harad-khá, fourth.
	Kot-khá, second.	Hamistí-khá, fifth.
	Shíshtí-khá, third.

12. The fractional numbers are:

	1/4 Ruba (Arab. <A>).	3/4 Shíshtíruba.
	1/2 Nus (Ar. <A>) or Keni.	1/3 Shíshtísam.

Of Pronouns.

13. The system of pronouns in Harari, as in the Somali language, is artful and somewhat complicated. Like the Arabic it may be divided into separate and affixed. The separate or personal pronouns which have neither gender nor case are:--

	Singular.	Plural.

	1^st Pers. Án (<A>).	Innásh or Inyásh.
	2^nd Pers. Akhákh (<A>).	Akhákhásh (<A>)
	3^rd Pers. Huwa (<A>).⁽³⁸³⁾	Hiyyásh.

14. The affixed pronouns or possessives attached to nouns are:--

Singular.

1^st Pers. - e, my or mine.	e.g.	Gár-e, my house.
2^nd Pers. - khá, thy or thine.		Gár-khá, thy house.
3^rd Pers. - zo, or - so, his.		Gár-zo, his house.

Plural.

1^st Pers. - zinya or sinya, our.	e.g.	Gár-zinya, our house.
2^nd Pers. - kho, your.		Gár-kho, your house.
3^rd Pers. - zinyo or sinyo, their.		Gár-zinyo, their house.⁽³⁸⁴⁾

In the same way attached pronouns are affixed to verbs:--

	e.g.	Sit-ayn, give (thou to) me.
		Sit-ana, give (thou to) us.

15. The demonstrative pronouns are :

	Sing.	Yí, this.
		Yá, that.
	Plur.	Yíásh, or yí'ach, these.
		Yá'ásh, or yá'ách, those.

The interrogative pronouns are the following:--

Mántá (<A>), who?
Mintá (<A>), what?

17. The reciprocal pronoun is expressed in Harari, as in Somali, by naf. Another common word is atte,

     e.g. Án atte hárkho, I myself went,
     Akhákh attekh hárkhí, thou thyself wentest,
     Huwa attezo háre, he himself went.

The Arabic word Ruh (<A> life or soul) is also used for "self " in such phrases as this:--

Mahatkho ruin-e, I smote myself.

Of Verbs.

18. The Harari verb, like the Somali, has only two tenses, a Past and a Present. The Future of the Indicative, as well as the Conditional and the Optative tenses, is formed by adding significant particles and the use of the substantive verb. The root is the 2nd person of the Imperative, and a Prohibitive is obtained by prefixing at (<A>), or by affixing mekh. In the negative forms, the Harari is more artfully constructed than the Somali verb.

19. The following are the two auxiliary verbs.

Past Tense.

(Affirmative Form.)

Singular.	1. I was,	Án narkho (<A>).
	2. Thou wast,	Akhákh nárkhí.
	3. He was,	Huwa nárá.
Plural.	1. We were,	Inyásh nárná.
	2. Ye were,	Akhákhásh narkhú (<A>).
	3. They were,	Hiyyásh nárú.

(Negative Form.)

Sing.	1. I was not,	Án alnárkhúm (<A>).
	2. Thou wast not,	Akhákh alnárkhím.
	3. He was not,	Huwa alnárum.
Plur.	1. We were not,	Inyásh alnárum.
	2. Ye were not,	Akhákhásh alnárkhúm.
	3. They were not,	Hiyyásh alnárúm.

Present Tense.

(Affirmative Form.)

	Singular.			Plural.
1. I am,		Án halko.	1. We are,		Inyásh halna (<A>).
2. Thou art.		Akhákh halkhí.	2. Ye are,		Akhákhásh halkhú.
3. He is,		Huwa hal (<A>).	3. They are,		Hiyyásh halú

(Negative Form.)

1. I am not,	Án elkhúm.	1. Inyásh elnám.
2. Thou art not,	Akhákh elkhím.	2. Akhákhásh elkhúm.
3. He is not,	Huwa elúm.	3. Hiyyásh elúm.

Imperative.

		Singular.					Plural.
	2. Be thou, Hal (<A>).					2. Be ye, Halkhú (<A>).

The second auxiliary has the sense of to become, and corresponds with "jirrah" of the Somal, who express "I am" by wá jogá, literally, "I stand."

Past Tense.

Sing.	1. I became,	Án ikaní (<A>) náarkho.
	2. Thou becamest,	Akhákh tikání nárkhí.
	3. He became,	Huwa ikáni nárá.
Plur.	1. We became,	Innásh nikání nárná.
	2. Ye became,	Akhákhásh tikání nárkhú.
	3. They became,	Hiyyásh ikání nárú.

Present Tense.

Sing.	1. I become,	Án ikánákh (<A>).
	2. Thou becomest,	Akhákh tikánákh.
	3. He becomes,	Huwa ikánál.
Plur.	1. We become,	Inyásh nikánáná (<A>)
	2. Ye become,	Akhákhásh tikánákhu.
	3. They become,	Hiyyásh ikánálú.

Imperative.

	Singular.			Plural.
2. Become thou,		Kanni (<A>).	2. Become ye,		Kánnú (<A>).

Prohibitive.

	Sing. 2. Become not,	ikánnimekh (<A>).
	Plur. 2. Become not ye,	ikánnumekh ( <A>).

23. The following is a specimen of a verb regularly conjugated.

Past Tense.

(Affirmative Form.)

Sing.	1. I went,	Án letkho.
	2. Thous wentest,	Akhákh letkhí.
	3. He went,	Huwa leta (<A>).
Plur.	1. We went,	Inyásh letna (<A>).
	2. Ye went,	Akhákhásh letkhú.
	3. They went,	Hiyyásh letú.

(Negative Form.)

Sing.	1. I went not,	Án alletkhúm.
	2. Thou wentest not,	Akbákh alletkhím.
	3. He went not,	Huwa alletám.
Plur.	1. We went not,	Inyásh aletnám.
	2. Ye went not,	Akhákásh alletkhúm.
	3. They went not,	Hiyyásh alletúm.

Present Tense.

(Affirmative Form.)

Singular. Plural.

1. I go, Án iletákh (<A>) 1. Inyásh niletáná.

2. Thou goest, Akhákh tiletínakh 2. Akhákhásh tiletákhú.

3. He goes, Huwa yiletál 3. Hiyyásh yiletálú.

(Negative Form.)

Sing.	1. I go not,	Án iletumekh.
	2. Thou goest not,	Akhákh tiletumekh.
	3. He goes not,	Huwa iletumel.
Plur.	1. We go not,	Inyásh niletumens.
	2. Ye go not,	Akhákhash tiletumekhú.
	3. They go not,	Hiyyásh iletuelú.

As in the Somali tongue and in the Semitic dialects generally, the Present serves for a Future tense: "I go," for "I shall or will go." A definite future is formed in Harari by adding the substantive verb to a participial form of the verb required to express futurity; e.g.

Sing.	1. I will go,	Án iletle halkho.
	2. Thou wilt go,	Akháhk tiletle halkhí.
	3. He will go,	Huwa iletle hal.
Plur.	1. We will go,	Inyásh niletle halns.
	2. Ye will go,	Akhákhásh tiletle halkhú.
	3. They will go,	Hiyyásh niletle halns.

Imperative.

			Singular.				Plural.
		2. Go thou,		Let.		2. Go ye,		Leté.

Prohibitive.

2. Go not thou,

At let.

2. Go not ye, At letú.

Participles.

Going Yiletál (<A>) Not going, Iletumel.

Gone, Itletle.

* * * * *

Dialogues and Sentences.

Art thou well? Amánta khí?
Are ye well? Amánta khú?
Madam (to elderly female). Abbáy.
Sir. Abbá. Yá Sayyidí.
Are you well this morning? Amán hadarkhú?
Are you well this evening? Amán wa'alkhú?
Good morning. Amán be kero.
Good night. Amán be hedero.
I am well. Amán íntaná.
I am unwell. Nattú halbaná.
What is the matter with you? Min aganyekh?
Is your family well? Gár hawázum amánta khú?
I am better. Orintáy.
What news to-day? Hújí min war hal?
Good news to-day. Amán intá hújí.
It is cooler to-day than yesterday. Tájíná be hújí baradtá.
The air is cold. Dúf bárid intá
Come in and sit down. Ná tageb.
What is thy name? Sumkhá mintá?
Come here (to woman). Lakambay.
Dost thou drink coffee? Bun tiseshákbi?
I want milk. Háy ikháshakh.
Is water to be had here? Mí halí ye atáybe
Where goest thou? Ayde tahurákh?
I go to Harar. Gay uburákh.
Send away the people. Walamosh yí uso'o.
I love you. An waded khúsh.
What is shine age? Karníkha aygay sintá?
Don't laugh. Asehak.
Raise your legs. Igir hafúshí.
Don't go there. At her yadde.
This man is good. Yí abbá korám intá.
He is a great rascal. Huwa gidir harámintá.
I don't want you (woman). Ikháshá shúmekh.
Go from this. Let yibí,--Jehannam har.
Leave my house. Gár-e be witá.
Farewell ! Allahu le amánat! (literally, "In Allah's charge.")
Allah pardon thee! Aufi ashkbúkh!
What is the price of this coffee? Yí bun min be-tasímakh?
Five ashrafi⁽³⁸⁵⁾ a bale. Ahad firasilah hamisti ashrafí.
This is dear. Yí gál intá.
This is very cheap. Yí kanná rakhís intá.
Give me bread. Sitain úkhát.
I will beat thee. Án imet akhákh.
I will not give. Án istámekh.
I am hungry. Ráhábenya.
I am thirsty. Tararenya.
I am tired. Dálágenya.
Where is thy house? Aydenta gárkhá?
I have much to do to-day. Húji bajíh habí halbayn.
We are about to travel. Safar nahuráná.
How large is Harar? Gay aygay sintá?
How far from this to Harar? Yí atáy wá Gay aygay sintá?
How many people at Harar? Gáy uso'o aygay sintá?
Dost thou know him? Akhákh tokakhí?
Dost thou know Arabic? Arab sinán tokákhí?
I don't know it. An úkumekh.
Hold my horse. Faras lahadlayn.
The price of this horse is a hundred dollars. Yí fares baklá kirshi⁽³⁸⁶⁾ yakúchál.
There is. Hal.
What delayed you? Min lahadekh?
Is this knife thine? Yí masháh dínatkhánta?
How many horses hast thou? Misti farazásh halakh?
He killed him with a knife. Nifti bayn gadalú.
Open the door. Argabgí fitah.
Shut the door. Argabgí igad.
Fill my pipe. Gáyá milálayn.
Where is the book? Belá kitáb?
It is in the box. Sandúk bayn halt
What o'clock is it? Min sá' ante?
It is one P.M. Zohr be ahad sá' ate hará.
It is new moon. Warhe bakalá.
The sun is eclipsed. Khusúf khána irr.

Specimen of a Song in Harari.

Bukáhá, bukáhá wá tazkirat bukáhá:
Nabi bakale surúre fankazebay.
Alif lám kutub zál be diú wá ímánin tutúr.
Sabrí wá salátin tutúr.
Hamistáyn zobe nabbí azíowin tutúr.
Nabbi gárkho be, gár kho zarára be
Jannat shíre be, nabbí afosha be
Allah! iláhíyo, hurtay maláhiyo!

Translation.

I weep, I weep, and I weep with (fond) remembrance,
(Thinking of) the Prophet's mule (he sitting) beautiful upon her back.
Alif-lám was written, faith and religion carrying,
Patience and prayer carrying,
(For the) fifth time the Prophet carrying,
The Prophet from his house, from the enclosure of his house,
To the midst of Paradise, the Prophet near--
Allah! O my Allah! near him place us!

The names of the months are:--

1. Ashúrá (meharram).
2. Safarwarhe.
3. Harar maulúd (including the two Rabia and the two Jamádí.)
7. Rajab.
7. Sha'abán.
9. Ramazán.
10. Shawwál.
11. Zulka'adah.
12. Zulhijjah.

* * * * *

Corn, holcus, and other grains are sold by this measure:

9 Handfuls= 1 Sugud (<A>).
5 Sugud= 1 Tít tárad (<A>).
6 Tít tárad= 1 Tárad.

The usual measures of length are:

Zumzurti (<A>), the span.
Kúrú (<A>) , the cubit.

The common weights are:

Nuss Ratli, the half pound.
Ratli, the pound.
Nuss farásilah, ten pounds.
Farásilah, the maund, twenty pounds.

Vocabulary.

N. B.--In the following pages, A. denotes that the word is pure Arabic; A.c. corrupt Arabic; Amh. Amharic; S. Somali. The mark (?) shows that the word is uncertain.

A.
Abandon, v.	Giffarr ( <A>).
Abdomen	Karsí (A. c.).
Abide	Tageb
Abode	Gár
Above	Lá'ay (<A>)
Absence	Zalaylkho
Abuse	Masdab
Accumulate	Sámtí
Adulterer	Fásik (A.), fem. Fásikít
Afraid	Fírat
After	Ehirr
Afternoon	Asrí. Asr (A.)
Age	Umri (A)
Air	Dúf
Alive (well)	Or (<A>)
All	Jammí
Also (thus)	Azzokút
Always	Dáime (A.)
Amir's wife	Gístí
Ancient	Rágá, fem. Rágít
Angel	Maláikah (A.)
Anger, s	Ghazab (A.)
Angry	Ghazbán (A.)
Another	Alái (<A>)
Answer	Jawab (A.)
Ant (black)	Chúch
Ant (white)	Kaynhúr
Arise, v.	Halfbal
Arm	Íji (<A>)
Arm-pit	Kilkílát
Army	Mákhedá (<A>) Askar (A.), Amír Askar, the Amir's army.
Arrow	Láwá
Artificer	Sáigh (A. esp. " goldsmith")
Ash (ashes)	Hamad, pl. Hamadásh
Ask	Athebrí (?)
Asleep	Manyít
Ass	Wajayrá
Ate (pret.)	Balá
At once	Ahad sá'ah (A.)
Aunt (maternal)	Ikhistá
Aunt (paternal)	Anna (<A>)
Avaricious	Bakhíl
Awake	Hafbal
Away! (begone!)	Let!
Axe	Kalká, pl. Kalkásh.
B
Back	Háchí
Bad	Yegassí
Bag	Kís (A )
Baggage	Mahawá
Baker	Ukhát-Zálí (fem. as only women sell bread).
Ball (bullet)	Rasás (A.).
Band	Nází (the black satin ribbon worn by women round the head to fasten the fillet which contains the hair).
Band	Nagarat (the Amir's kettle-drums, beaten at the hour of night prayers, as tocsin in times of danger, at the two festivals, and whenever the Prince leaves the palace)
Barren (women)	Zat wilat, Goblan
Barter	Manáwat
Base	Yegassí
Basket	Mudáí
Bath, s.	Sagará (prop. a privy).
Bathe	Háteb
Battle	Gádal
Bazaar	Magálah
Beard	Daban
Beat (kill)	Mahat
Beautiful	Korám. Kor-zálah, fem. Korzálí
Bed	Firásh (A.)
Bedstead	Dúfán
Bee	Nijját, Akús (?).
Beef	Lám Basar
Beer (boozah)	Gohay. (Dakhbí is beer mixed with mead.)
Before	Aykad (<A>). "In early part of," Nadí (<A>)
Beggar	Sakadad-báy (A.c. <A>)
Behind	Ehirr
Behold, v	Hayj
Belly	Kars (A. c.)
Below (beneath)	Taháy (<A>)
Bet	Shart (A.)
Beyond (outside)	Káchí
Bile	Safrá (A.)
Bird	Úf, plur. Úfásh
Bitch	Bushít (Bushshít)
Bitter	Marrí (A. c.<A>).
Black	Táy
Blacksmith	Tumtú
Blind, adj.	Ín-zalaylá, fem. Ín-zalaylít
Blood	Dam (A )
Blood-money	Diyah (A )
Blunt, adj.	Dumdum, bárid (A.)
Boat	Za'ímah (A.)
Body	Kám (A. c. <A>)
Bone	At (<A>)
Book	Kitáb
Bottle	Kirárat (A. c.)
Bow	Digáu
Box	Sátán (?).
Boy (son)	Lijjay
Bracelet (ivory)	Áj (A.)
Bracelet (mans)	Mál dáyá (the pewter armlet of a Galla chief)
Bracelet (woman's)	Shánkháyt
Brain	Hangullá
Bran (chaff)	Hanshar
Brave	Gisí (S.), ishullo (?)
Bread	'Ukhát
Break	Síbarr
Breast (girl's)	Kunná
Breeches	Gannáfí, Kannáfí (?)
Bride	Arúzít (A.c.)
Bridegroom	Arúz (A. c.)
Bring	Adej
Broadcloth	Júh (<A>; Ar. <A> Jokh).
Broken	Dallál (A.)
Brothers	Ih (<A>, A c.).
Bug	Tukhán (A. c.)
Bull	Bárá
Burn, v. imp.	Mágdí
Burnt	Mágad
But	Lákin (A.).
Butcher	Suwíyyá (A.)
Buttocks	Fuddí (S.)
Buy	Khab (<A>)
Buying and selling	Mokhab
By all means	Lá budd (A.)
By fair means	Amán be.
By foul means	Yegassí be.
C
Calf, m.	Rahas
Carpenter	Najjár (A.)
Carpet	Firásh(A.). Prayer-carpet, Sijjájah (A. c.)
Camel	Gamaylah (A. c.), fem. Gamaylit
Cannon	Madfá (A.)
Cat	Adúrrú, Adan (?).
Cathedral	Jámi (A.).
Cattle	Dínat.
Certainly	Dirkhí (S.).
Chain	Silsilah (A.).
Change (barter)	Manáwat.
Charcoal	Kasal.
Charm (talisman)	Kirtás (A.).
Cheap	Rakhís (A.).
Child	Waldí (A. c.), pl. Wildásh.
Cinnamon	Korfá (A. c.).
Circumcision	Absum.
Citron	Turungá (A. c.).
City	Magálah.
Clarified butter	Nazíf (A.).
Clay	Chebá.
Clean	Muk ishísh.
Climb, v.	Isal.
Cloth (man's "obe")	Irás, pl. irázásh.
Cloth (woman's)	Gúlúbáy (worn out of doors over the head). "Láy morad" is that thrown over the shoulders.
Cloth (man's shirt)	Gidir kamís
Clouds	Dánah
Clove	Korunful (A.)
Club	Gidir bartí
Coal (live)	Gih
Coffee	Bun (A.). "Kutti" is the decoction of the leaf drunk by the Hararis
Cold (catarrh)	Hargab
Cole adj.	Birdí (A. c.)
Colour	Jinsí (A. c.)
Comb	Filá (S. firin)
Come!	Ná!
Containing (doing)	--Zála
Cook (man)	Dirig-zálá, Lelí (?)
Cook (woman)	Dirig-zálí, Kibábah-zálí
Cooked	Khánah
Cooking-pot (earthen)	Makáto
Copper	Nihás (A.)
Coral	Murjain (A. c.)
Corpse	Janáis (A. c.)
Corn	Ays (A. c. ?)
Corn Indian	Arab ikhí, lit. Arab holcus
Corn(Indian roasted)	Arab ikhí únká
Cotton	Tút (<A>)
Cough	Úh (<A>)
Court-yard	Katam barí
Cousin (female)	Zer kahat
Cousin (male)	Zer waldí, pl. Zer waldásh
Cow	Lám
Cow (milch)	Háy-zálí
Coward	Wahaylo, fem. Wahaylít
Creeper	Táj (so called when worn by men upon their turbands and women upon their fillets)
Crepitus	Fas (A.)
Crooked	Wandállá
Crow	Kurrá
Cubit	Kúrú
Cultivation	Zará (A )
Cultivator	Argatá (opposed to "Gallá," a Nomad)
Cummin seed	Kamún (A )
Cup	Geb
Cupping-horn	Mahgút (Mahgút-ináí is the operator)
Cut	Koch
Cuts (in cheek)	Makdad (beauty-marks)
D
Dagger	Shotal
Daily	Jammí yámúm
Dance	Fakarr
Danger (fright)	Firít
Darkness	Jilmah (A. c.)
Date (the fruit)	Timir (A. c.). "Barni" is the Maskat date; "Sehárí" the small black date; "Farad" the large and juicy red variety
Daughter	Kahat
Day	Ma'altú
To-day	Hújí
Yesterday	Tájená
Third day ago	Sestiná
Fourth day ago	Rátiná
Day after to-morrow	Sestá
Third day hence	Ra'atá
Fourth day hence	Zirabe'itá (?)
Fifth day hence	Zikurkustá (?).
Dead (man)	Janáis (A. c.); Mayyit (A.)
Deaf (man)	Uzn-zalaylá
Deaf (woman)	Uzn -zalaylít
Deaf and dumb	Dúdah, fem. Dúdít; it also means idiotic.
Dear, adj.	Ghálí (A.); Kímah tabig
Death	Maut (A.)
Debt	Mugot
Deer	Waydalí
Delay	Kaláh (<A>)
Denial	Nakír (A.); Háshá (A.)
Deponent (witness)	Rágá
Deposit	Amánat (A.)
Descend, v.	Wirad (?)
Descent	Maurad
Desert, s.	Udmá bád
Desert, adj.	Udmá (generally applied to land without trees)
Deserving	Wájib (A )
Desire (want)	Fáj
Devil (Satan)	Iblís (A.); Shaytán (A.)
Devil (sand-storm)	Dúf
Die (dice)	Lafo (S.)
Difficult	Tabíg
Dig	Hifarr. (A. c.); Khirr (?)
Dirt	Wasakh (A.)
Discharge (release)	Gifarr
Disease	Mattú
Disease (venereal)	Jabtú (S. Jabtí)
Dish	Sehní (A. c.)
Dish-cover	Mot; mo'ot (generally made of plaited straw)
Distant	Ruhuk (<A>)
Ditch (pit)	Chayr
Doer (masc. or fem.)	Ináí (?).
Dog	Bushshí
Dollar	Karshí (Ar. Kirsh)
Door	Gebtí
Doubt	Shakk (A.)
Doubtful	Shakanyá (A. c.)
Dream	Birzáz
Dress	Libáshá (A. c.); Irázásh
Dried	Daraká
Drink, v	Sích
Drinkables	Mashjá
Drug	Dawá (A.)
Drum	Karabú
Drummer	Karabú-zálá
Drunk (intoxicated)	Sakhrá (A. c.)
Dry, v.	Darak; Darag
Dumb, masc.	Jabaká; arrát-zalaylá
Dumb, fem.	Jabakít; arrat-zalaylít
Dust	Sísá (Sesá S.)
Dwarf, masc.	Hajayr
Dwarf, fem.	Hajayrít
E
Each	Ahad (A. c.)
Ear	Uzn. Uzun (A. c.)
Ear-ring	Faror
Earth	Dashí (Tashshí ?)
East	Írrtúj
Easy	Yasír (A.)
Eat! v	Bilá
Eatables	Mablá. "Eatables and drinkables," mablá wá mashjá
Egg	Ukoh (<A>)
Eight	Sot
Eighth	Sotkhá
Eighty	Sot assir
Elder, eldest	Gidirr
Elephant	Dukhun
Eleven	Assir ahad
Eloquent	Tihayn
Employment	Habí
Empty	Kof
End! (finish!)	Tabosh
Ended	Tabayyá
Enemy	Díná
Enough	Hidak. Yokál
Envy	Husúd (A.)
Envious	Hasíd (A.c.)
Escape	Sik
Eunuch	Koch. Towásh (A.)
Evening	Mashá (A.)
Every	Jammí (A. c.)
Everything	Jammí Shiyún (A. c.)
Evidence	Rágá
Exchange	Manáwat
Expense	Farzí
Eye	Ín (A. c.)
Eyelash	Ín chigar
F
Face	Fít
Fæces	Gaf: Kaf (S.)
Faith (religion)	Dín (A.)
Fall, v.	Widak
False	Kizbányá
Fame	Námús (A.)
Fan (fly-flapper)	Zimbi Marwahah (A.)
Far	Ruhug
Farewell!	Amán! (A.)
Farmer	Harrásh.
Fast, adv.	Fitan.
Fast, s.	Soman (A. c.)
Fat (strong)	Jabábir (A. c.); Kassá (S.) Wadal.
Fate	Ayyám (A.)
Father	Áwa
Fault	Ghalat (A.)
Fear! v.	Fir
Fearful	Fírat
Feather	Bállí (S. Bál)
Feet	Ingirásh. Pl. of Ingir
Female	Inistí (A. c. ?).
Fetch	Adej
Fetters	Ingir birat
Fever	Wiyí nattú
Few	Tinne'o
Fillet (for woman's hair)	Gúftá
Finger	Atabinyá. Pl. Atábinyásh
Fire	Isád
Fire-wood	Mamágad
First	Ahadkhá
Fish	Túlam
Fist	Dubuj
Five	Hamistí
Fifth	Hamistikhá
Fifty	Hamistí assir
Flag	Álan (A. c. and S.)
Flea	Kunáj; Takfí(?); injir bodo(S.)
Flesh	Basar
Fly	Zimbí (A. c.)
Fodder	Sa'ar
Food	Mablá
Fool	Jinám (A. c.)
Foot (leg)	Ingir
Footstep	Hardá
Force	Tákh (A. c.)
By force	Yegassí be
Forehead	Fi'it
Fort	Kalaí gár; darbí-gár
Forty	Arbaín (A.)
Foul (impure)	Najis (A.)
Four	Harad; harat
Fourth	Haratkhá
Fowl	Atáwág, fem. atáwágít
Friend	Rafík (A.); marren (?)
Frog	Ankuráratí
From	Be; bay
Full	Mullu (?)

Gall (bile)	Safrá (A )
Game	Dabál (esp. the La'ab al-Khayl)
Gambler	Kammár (A.)
Garden	Harshí
Gardener	Harshi-wandag
Garlic	Tummá (A. c.); ton (S.)
Gate	Bárí (A.)
Gate-keeper	Bárí-goitá
Gather, v.	Sámtí
Gazelle	Sagáro (S.)
Generous	Sakhí (A.)
Generosity	Sakháwat (A.)
Get up! v.	Hafbal
Gift	Hadiyah (A.); mastá (?)
Ginger	Zanjabílí
Giraffe	Girhí (S.)
Girl (marriageable)	Wahashí. Pl. Wahashi'ách
Girl (aged)	Gidir Wahashí
Puella suta	Duffun Wahashí (sicut est mos Somalorum et nationis Gallæ)
Puella aperta	Kufut Wahashí
Girl (slave)	Wasifít; Amharet
Girl	Kahat.
Give, v.	Sit (S.)
Glad	Tass; tasstass
Glass (cup)	Kás (A.)
Glass (looking)	Murá'it (A. c.)
Glass (bootle, black)	Kirárat Táy
Glass (red)	Kayh (<A>)
Glory	Námús (A.)
Glue (gum)	Mukát
Go! v.	Let (to a woman, Lechí)
Gone (pret.)	Letá
Let go!	Hidak; Gifarr
Goat (he)	Kurmá
Goat (she)	Dau
God	Goita. N.B.--The Argobbas call the Supreme Being "Gaeto," the Gallas "Goite" or "Wák," and the Somal "Aybah" (<A>)
Gold	Zikeh (A. c.)
Goods	Maháwá
Good	Korám
Good news	War amán
Governor	Nagáshí
Grandfather	Bábá
Grandmother	Ummá
Grape	Anab (A.)
Grass	Sa'ar
Grass-cutter (sickle)	Záhabí
Gratis	Bilásh (A.)
Grave	Kabrí (A.); Plur. Kabrásh
Grave (saint's)	Awásh Kabrí
Gravel	Ún
Great, adj.	Gidír
Greatest	Jammí be Gadrí
Green	Dámá: fem. Dámít. Akhzar (A.)
Groom	Záhabí
Ground	Tashshí. (?)
Ground (sloping)	Gobaná
Guest	Nugda
Guide	Úga yúkzalinta (?)
Guinea Fowl	Zikrá
Gum	Mukát
Gun	Nifti
Gunpowder	Bárúd (A. c.)
H
Habitation	Gár
Hail, s.	Ún Zináb
Hail, v.	Amán bidíchkhú
Hair	Chigar
Hair (pecten)	Foch chigar
Hair-pin (woman's)	Filá
Half	Nuss (A. c.): Kení
Hammer	Madoshá; Buruj (?)
Hand	Ijí
Handful	Mahfass; Antobo (?)
Handwriting	Kitab
Hang (tie, v.)	Igad; Balnaya (S.)
Harbour	Marsá (A.)
Hare	Askokí; Bakhayla (S.)
Harlot	Gubná
Haste!	Fitan
Hatchet	Kalká
Hay	Sa'ar
Head	Urus (A. c.)
Health	Áfet (A. c.)
Hear	Simá (A. c.)
Heart	Wazanah
Heavy	Razín (A )
He	Huwa
Heel	Kúb (A. c.)
Heir	Yurs Zálintá. (The Arabic word "Mirás" is used for a legacy.)
Hell	Azáb (A.); Jahanam (A.)
Here	Idday. "Here I am," Labbay (A.)
High (tall, long)	Gidorr
Hill, s.	Sarí
His	Zo or So
Ho!	Yábú (S.); Akhákh yá
Hog	Hariyyá
Holcus Sorghum	Ikhí
Hole	Gadú
Holloa!	Akhákh yá
Honey	Dús
Hoof	Ingir
Horn (beast's)	Karr (A. c.)
Horn (cupping)	Mahgút
Horse	Faras (in Ar. a mare; in Som. a horse)
Hot	Wiyí
House	Gár
House (thatched)	Sa'ar gár; Gambisa
House (stone)	Darbí gár
How much?	Mistí?
Humble	Miskín (A.)
Hundred	Baklá
Hunger	Abár
Hungry	Rahab
Husband	Abosh
Hut	Wantaf gár (the Badawi's mat tents, called by the Somal, Gurgí)

I, pers. pron.	Án
Ice	Mí darak
Idle (useless)	Mablúl
If	Girr (?)
Ignorant	Jáhil (A.); Wíj (the latter generally means "young")
Immense	Bajíh
Immerse, v.	Esbí
Immediately	Fitan
In	Bayn (A ?)
In that place	Yadday
Infirm	Gofáí
Inform, v.	Warosh
Information	War (Amh )
Injury	Khasárá (A.)
Ink	Maddí (A. c. from <A> ?)
Inkstand	Dibet (A. c.)
Inquire, v.	Athebrí (?)
Inside	Ustú
Instead	Manáwat; Tanáwat
Intelligent	A'kil (A )
Inter, v.	Kibarr
Interest (usury)	Ribáh (A.)
Intestines (lower)	Marachí
Intestines (higher)	Kars (A. c.)
Intoxication	Kayf (A.)
Intoxicating articles	Khamrí (A.)
Iron	Birat (S. bir.)
Itch, s.	Wi'ir
Ivory	Áj; dukhun-sin
J
Jackal	Aizagadú (S. ídagalá, "burrowing below ground")
Jail	Hasbí (A. c.)
Javelin	Waram (S.)
Jewel	Jauhar (A.)
Joke	Charrakah (<A>)
Joker	Fúhách
Journey	Safar (A.)
Journey (by day)	Hújí Safar
Journey (by night)	Mishayt Safar
Jowari (holcus)	Ikhí
Jowari (straw)	Karah
Joy	Farhah (A.); Tast
Judge	Fikíh (A.); Kází (A.)
Jump, v.	Shafbal
Just	A'dil
Juvenile	Darmá
K
Kat-plant (<A>)	Ját
Kettle	Disdí (A. c.); Makatú
Key	Miftah (A.); Mifcháh (A. c.)
Kick, v.	Rigat
Kidney	Kuláy (A. c.)
Kill	Gidal
Kiss, v.	Mah (as among the Somal it is disliked.)
Kitchen	Aweládá
Kite (bird)	Tillí
Knee	Gilib
Knife	Masháh
Knot	Kuturr
Know	Úk
Knowledge	Ilm (A )
Koosoo	Sútí (the well-known vermifuge, called Hedo by the Somal)
L
Labour	Ta'ab (A.)
Lake (colour)	Kayh (<A>)
Lame	Ingir zalaylá
Lamp	Makhtút
Landlord	Gár-zálá
Lane	Kachín uga
Language	Sinán
Large	Gidir
Lass	Kahat
Laughter	Sahak (<A> A. c.); Mashak (?)
Law	Sharíah (A.)
Lazy	Mablúl
Lead	Risás
Leaf	Warak (A.); Kuttí
Leak (hole)	Nudúl
Lean	Gofáy
Learning, s.	Ilm (A.)
Learned (man)	Kabír (A.); Shaykh (A.)
Least	Jammí be angál
Leather (hide)	Gogá
Leech	Ayktí ulá'úl (S.)
Left	Gurá (Gragnay Amh. Guray S. "left-handed")
Left hand	Gurá igí
Leg	Ingir
Lend, v.	Likch
Leopard	Gargorá
Less	Ansál
Liar	Kizbanyá
Lie	Kiz (A. c.)
Light, adj.	Khafíf (A.); Kafíf (A. c.)
Lightning	Birik (A. c.); Birig
Like	Kut (yí kut, "like this." Azzokut, "like unto him")
Lime (fruit)	Zarbissí
Lime (cement)	Núrat (A.)
Lion	Wanág
Lips	Laflaf
Listen, v.	Simá
Little	Tít (<A>)
Liver	Kút
Living	Húí (<A> A. c.)
Lo!	Haych
Load	Tá'an
Locust	Kafjor
Look, v.	Haych
Loose (open), v.	Fitah; Matmas
Loss	Khasárá (A.); Kobul
Lose (the way, &c.)	(Úga) Kabad
Love	Ishkí (A.)
In love (man)	Abosh áshaká
In love (woman)	Indosh áshaktí
Louse	Kúmáy (A. c. ?)
Low, adj.	Háchír

Mad	Jinám
Mad-dog	Jinám bushí
Madam	Abbáy
Magic	Falá (S.)
Magician	Falá-zálá
Maid servant	Gáfit
Main mast	Gidir dagal
Make, v.	Úsh
Malady	Nattú
Male	Abosh
Malice	Dínah
Man	Abosh
Many	Bajíh
Many times	Bajíh gir
March, s.	Malayt
Mare	Inistí fares
Mariner	Bahrí (A.)
Mark, s.	Astá
Market place	Magálah
Marriage	Mansá
Marriage-portion	Mehr (A.)
Married (man)	Mishtí-hálá
Married (woman)	Abosh-hálí
Master	Marín
Mat	Saylan
Match (gun's)	Niftí fatílat
Mead	Taj
Meal (ground corn)	Ays fíchah
Measure	Sifar
Meat	Basar
Merchant	Bá'u: tájir
Message	Lo'okh
Middle	Guttí; ustú (?): in the middle, guttí bayn
Milk	Háy
Milk-pot	Kadádah
Milk-pot cover	Offá
Minaret	Khutbá
Mine (it is)	Án zád intá
Misery	Masíbah (A. c.)
Model	Áyinah (A.)
Money	Mahallak (a brass coin current at Harar)
Monkey	Zágarú
Month	Warhay
Moon	Charaká
In the morning	Subhí (A.)
Mortar	Mokaj (the pestle is called "Kaballá")
Mortgage	Rahan (A.); Luhut
Mosquito	Bimbí
Mother	A'e
Mould (earth)	Afar
Mountain	Sarí
Mouse	Fúr (A. c.)
Mouth	Afe (Amh. S.)
Mud	Chebá
Mule	Baghl
Murder	Motá
Murderer	Igadlí-zál; Gadáy (?)
Murdered	Gidalú
Musjid (mosque)	Masgít
Musk	Misk (A). Zabád (A. civet, generally confounded by Orientals with musk)
Mustachio	Shárib (A.)
My	---e
Myrrh	Karabí
N
Nail	Mismár (A.)
Nail (hand)	Tifir (A. c.)
Naked	Kofh
Name	Sum (A. c.)
Narrow	Chinkí
Nasty	Yegassí
Navel	Hamburtí.
Near	Kurrá
Necessary (it is)	Yakhúnál
Necessity	Hájah (A.)
Neck	Angat
Necklace	Shandúd
Needle	Morfí
Needy	Fukrá
Negro	Gáfá
Neighbour	Afoshá
Nest	Úf gár
Never	Abadan (A.)
Never mind	Ahadúm aylá
New	Hajís
News	War (S.)
Night	Artú
By night	Mushayt
Nine	Sehtan; Zehtáyn
Ninth	Sehtan khá
Ninety	Sehtaná
Nipple (man's)	Tút (<A>)
Nipple (woman's)	Kunná
No!	May!
Nobody (there is)	Uso'o aylúm
Nonsense	Kishná
North	Jáh (A.); Kiblah (A.)
Nose	Úf
Nostril	Úf nudúl
There is nothing	Aylúm
Now	Akhkhá
Number	Helkí
O
Oath	Tirayt
Ocean	Bahr (A )
Oil	Salayt (A.)
Old	Rágá, fem. Rágít
Omen	Fál (A.)
On (upon)	La'ay
Once	Ahad muttí; Ahad gír
At once	Fitan
One	Ahad
One third	Shíshtí-sám (A. <A>)
One-armed	Ahad íjí zalaylá
One-eyed	Ahad ín zalaylá
One-legged	Ahad ingir zalaylá
Onion	Shunkortá
Open, v.	Fitah
Opened	Futoh
Oppressor	Zálim (A.)
Oppression	Zulmi (A. c.)
Or	Walau (?). Ammá (A.)
Order	Amr (A )
Orphan	Yetím (A.); "á'e zalaylá," motherless; "áwa zalaylá," fatherless
Ostrich	Guráyyá (S.)
Our	Zinya
Outside	Mantá
Owner	Zálá, fem. Zálí
Ox	Bárá
P
Pace	Malaytá
Pair	Kut; Ko'ot
Palace	Nagáshí gár
Palm (hand's)	Kaff'í (A. c.)
Paper	Talhayyá
Paramour (fem.)	Gazan
Partner	Sharík (A.)
Pass, v.	Let
Path	Kachín úga
Pauper	Zaygá
Pawn	Rahan (A )
Peace	Amán (A )
Pearl	Lúl (A.)
Pen	Kalam (A )
Penis	Gantir
People	Uso'o
Pepper (black)	Arab barbarí
Pepper (red)	Barbarí
Perform, v.	Osh
Perspiration	Wizí
Pestle	Kaballá
Piece	Koch (?)
Pig	Hariyyá; Karkarrú
Pigeon	Hamímí (A. c.)
Pillow	Makhaddá (A.)
Pimple	Kím
Pin	Filá
Pinch, v.	Kontá
Pipe (smoking)	Gáyá (the Indian "Gurgurí")
Pipe tube	Búk
Pistol	Tinneo Naftí
Pit (cesspool)	Gadú
Pity	Rahmah (A.)
Place	Attáí
Plain	Dídá
Plantain	Mauz (A )
Plate (for baking bread)	Kibábah (A. c.); Tábah (?)
Platter (wooden)	Gabatá
Plough	Willítá; Mahras (A.)
Plunder	Mahmat
Pocket	Kís (A )
Poetry	Fakarr
Poison	Summí (A )
Poisoned	Summí-zálá
Pomegranate	Rummán (A.)
Ponderous	Razín (A )
Possible (it is)	Yakhúnál
Pot (earthen)	Makatú
Pot-bellied	Kasá-zálá
Pound (weight)	Ratlí
Pox	Kitin
Pretence	Haylah (A.)
Pregnant	Karsí; Zálí
Price	Báy
Pride	Kibrí (A )
Priest	Fakíh (A )
Prison	Hasbí (A.)
Prisoner	Úgud
Privy	Sagara
Procurable	Yaganyo
Prodigious	Ajab (A.)
Profit	Nafí (A. c.)
Proof	Ragá
Proud (man)	Kibrí-zálá; Kibranyá
Proud (woman)	Kibrí-zálí; Kibríyyít
Provisions	Mablá
Pud.	Dúr
Pumpkin	Arab dubbá (S.)
Purse	Kís (A.)
Q
Quadruped	Dínat
Quantity	Mistí
Quarter	Rubá (A )
Quarter (of town)	Afochá
Queen	Gístí
Question	Mathebar
Quickly	Fitan
Quill	Bállí (S.)
Quiver	Hinnách
R
Rage	Za'al (A.); herár
Raid	Dína
Raiment	Irázásh
Rain	Zináb
Raise, v.	Hafush
Raisin	Zabíb (A )
Ram	Táy
Ran, v. pret.	Saká
Rapid	Fitan
Rascal	Mablúl
Rat	Fúr (A )
Raven	Kurrá
Raw	Terí
Razor	Sháldá (?)
Read	Kira (A. c.)
Real (dollar)	Karshí
Rebel	Ásí (A.)
Rebellion	Balwá (A.)
Receive	Nisá
Red	Kayh: fem. Kayhít
Region	Bád
Regret	Hammá (A. c.); Ghammá (A. c.)
Rein (bridle)	Hakamá (S.)
Relations	Ahl (A.)
Remain	Kirr (A. c.)
Remainder	Karrá
Remedy	Dawá
Remote	Ruhuk, ruhug
Remove	Ústí
Repletion	Tufá (?)
Reply	War. (Bring a reply: "War adej." Take my reply: "Ware ustí.")
Reptile	Hubáb
Residence	Gár
Rest, s.	Ráhah (A.)
Return (i.e. give me back)	Argabgilayn
Revenge, s.	Kisás (A.)
Take revenge	Kisás ushú
Reverse, v.	Gargab
Reward	Sakah; dínat (?)
Rib	Maytak
Rich	Ghaní (A )
Rice	Ruz (A.)
Ride, v.	Isal
Right (proper)	Korám
Right hand	Kainyít
Right and left	Gurá wá Kainyít
Ring	Makhtar
Riot	Matmáhat
Rise up	Hafbal
Rising (ground)	Karát
Risk	Fir
River	Zar; Masrí (?)
Road	Úga
Roast, v.	Absil. (Roast the meat. "Basar absil.")
Rob, v.	Rojh. (He robbed me. "Rojhábayn.")
Robber	Rojhí
Robbery	Márojha
Robe (woman's)	Indosh írás
Robe (blue)	Táy írás
Robe (white)	Najíh írás
Rock	Sarí
Rogue	Mablúl
Roof	Darbenjí
Room	Kitrat
Root	Sirr; Hedid (S.)
Rosary	Tasbih (A.)
Rose-water	Má-ward (A.)
Rope	Fatít
Ruin	Kh'ráb (A.)
Ruler	Nagáshí
Run, v.	Taráwat
Run away!	Rot! Sik!
S
Sack (ox-skin)	Dawullá (large bags used on journeys)
Sack (sheep-skin)	Jíráb (A. c. small saddle-bags; the bags for asses are called "Matan")
Saddle	Kor (S. Kore); Hánká (?)
Saffron	Waras (A.)
Saint	Walí
Salt	Assú
Sand	Afar
Sandals	Ashín
Sash (girdle)	Hankot
Say, v.	Asaynní
Scales	Mízán (A.)
A single scale	Kaffí
Scent	Súchná
Scissors	Makrajah
Scout	Ilálah (S.)
Scum	Wasakh (A.)
Sea	Bahr (A )
Sea-coast	Bahr aff
By sea and by land	Bahrí wá barri (A.)
Seal	Tábá (A. c.)
Seal-ring	Makhtar
Search	Mafách
Second (ordinal n.)	Kotkhá
Secret	Sirrí (A.)
Secretly	Shemakna
See, v.	Haych
Self	Rúh (A.); Naf (A. c.)
Sell, v.	Assím
Sepulchre	Kabrí
Serpent	Hifin; Hubáb
Servant	Wandag
Servile caste	Bon (Dankalí word)
Seven	Sátí
Seventh	Sátí khá
Seventy	Sát assir
Sew, v.	Sif. ("Sew the cloth," irás Sif.)
Shade (shadow)	Cháyá (Sanscrit ?)
Shallow water	Tinneo mí
Shame	Hayá (A )
Shank	Kultum
Sharp, adj.	Balah (<A>)
Shave, v.	Mashaylad
She	Ittá
Sheath (swords)	Síf gár (dagger's sheath, "shotal gár")
Sheep	Táy
Sheet	Láy rnorad; irás
Shepherd	Agabarí
Shirt	Kamís (A.)
Shield	Agrí
Shop	Dukkán (A. There are no regular shops at Harar)
Short	Hájír
Shot, s.	Risás (A.)
Shut, v.	Galab
Sick	Nattú
Sickle	Manja
Silence, v.	Ús
Silver	Me'et
Sin	Abbá
Sister	Ihít (A. c.)
Sit! v.	Tageb
Six	Siddistí
Sixth	Siddistíkhá
Sixty	Siddistí assir
Skin	Gogá
Skin (for water)	Kárbat (A. c.)
Skullcap	Kalotá (la Calotte)
Sky	Samí
Slave (mas.)	Gáfá; Wasíf; Amhara
Slave (fem.)	Gafít; Wasífít; Amharít
Sleep, v.	Manyít (Pass the night. "Heder"); Niyen (?)
Slippers	Ashín
Small	Tinnéo; Ted (?)
Small-pox	Gifrí (in S. Fantú)
Smell (perfume)	Súchná
Smoke, s.	Tan
Smoke, v.	Sich
Snot	Infít
Snuff (tobacco)	Jamalí (Give me a pinch of snuff, "Jamalí Makonat")
Sole (of foot)	Hardá
Somali	Tumurr (a slighting name)
Son	Lijgay
Song	Fakarr
Sore	Túlú
South	Ke'ebá
Span	Zumzurtí
Spear	Waram
Spider	Asháráráhtí
Spider's web	Asháráráhtí gár
Spittle	Mirák (A.)
Spoon	Fanálah (S. Fandál)
Staff, s.	Bartí
Star	Túí (<A>)
Stench	Chikná
Stick	Bartí
Stone	Ún
Stop (hush)	Sambal
Street	Magálah úga
Strong	Tákh-zálá
Stupravi matrem tuam (vulgar abuse)	A'e khá lagatkho
Stuprari patrem tuum	Aukhá ligat
It suffices	Yokál
Sugar	Sukkar (A.)
Sugar-cane	Âla Shankorr (S.)
Sun	Írr
Sweat	Wizí
Sweet	Yatímál
Switch	Tinne'o bartí
Sword	Síf (A.)
T
Take, v.	Yakh (to woman "Yash")
Take hold of	Lahat
Take care	Takayráh bá
Tall	Gidorr
Talisman	Kartás (A.)
Tax (on merchandise)	Ashúr (A. c.)
Tax (on land)	Zakáh (A.)
Tear	Ibí
Ten	Assir (A. c.)
Tenth	Assirkhá
That (pr.)	Yá
Thatched hut	Gambisá
Their	Zinyo
Then	Yí sá'ah
Thence	Yí attay
There	Yadday
Here and there	Idday wá yadday
Therefore	Yí le báytí
These	Yí 'ách
Thief	Rojhí (fem. Rojhít)
Thick	Wadal
Thigh	Badú (?); Gonjí
Thin	Gofáy
Thine (thy)	-khá
Thing	Sha'í (A. c.)
Third	Shíshtí khá
Thirty	Saseh
Thirst	Tirrá
Thirsty	Tirrár
This	Yí
Thorn	Usukh
Thorn fence	Hutur (Chuguf ?)
Thread	Fatlí (A. c.)
Three	Shíshtí
Three quarters	Shíshtí rubá
Thrice	Shíshtí muttí
Throat	Hangúr; marmar
Throne	Tifán (?)
Throw, v.	Ghínbá (?); giny
Thumb	Gidir Atabinyá
Thunder	Birák (?); birág (A. c.)
Tie, v.	Ígad. (Tie the camel with a cord. "Gamaylah fatít be ígad.")
Tie (knot)	Kátre (Knot with your cloth. "Irás be Kátre."); akoflí (?)
Time	Sá'ah
At what time?	Ay Sá'ah?
At all times	Kullu gírum
Tired	Dalágay
Tobacco	Tunbákhú
To	Lay; le
To-day	Hújí
Toe	Ingir atabinyá
Together (with)	Báh. (I will go with you. "Án akhákh báh ilitákh.")
Tomb	Kabrí
To-morrow	Gísh
Tongue	Arrát
Tooth	Sin (A.)
Town	Magálah
Town-wall	Jugal
Travel, v.	Sifar (A. c.)
Tree	Lafú
Tripe	Ankar
True	Hillú; hullú
Truly	Hillú; hullú
Turband	imámat (A.)
Turband (Amir's)	Ká'úk (Turk.)
Turmeric	Hárdí injí
Twenty	Koyah
Tweezers	Nech; Karabah (?)
Twice	Kot muttí
Two	Kot
U
Ugly	Yagassál
Ulcer	Túlu, pl. Túlú'ásh.
Unarmed	Agra waram zaltá (lit. shieldless and spearless)
Uncle (paternal)	Zer
Uncle (maternal)	Káka
Under	Taháy
Understand	Tukákh
Unfortunate	Ayyámúm aylá, fem. Ayyámúm aylí
Unjust	Zálim (A.)
Unkind	Rahmatúm aylá, fem. rahmatúm aylí
Unsafe	Amánúm altá, fem. amánúm altí
Untie	Fitáh (A. c.)
Untrue	Kiz (A. c.)
Up	Lá'ay
Up and down	Lá'ay wá taháy
Go up!	Isal
Bring up!	Lá'ay hafúsh
Upon (it)	Usú lá'ay
Urine	Shahad
Us	---ena
V
Value	Báy (What is the price of this? "Báy zo mintá?")
Veil	Gulub (blue muslin fillet on women's hair)
Vein	Watar (A.)
Vengeance	Kisás (A.)
Venom	Summí (A.)
Venomous	Summí-zálá
Venereal (disease)	Chobtú; Kitin
Very	Bajíh
Very good	Bajih korám
Vile	Yegassí
Village	Gandá; Tinneto geh; tinne'o bád
Viper	Hubáb summi-zálá
Virgin	Wahashí
Void (naked)	Kofh
Voice	Tab
Vomit	Nataka
Vow	Ballamá (He vowed a mare "Ballamá zinya inistí fares.")
Vulture	Áumar
W
Waist	Hankot
Wall (house)	Digadag
Wall (town)	Úgal
Want, s.	Hájah (A.).
Want, v.	"Ahad ifájakh:" I want something. "Wandag akháshákh:" I want a servant
War	Matmáhat
Warm	Wiyí
Was	Nár; fem. nártí
Wash, v. imp.	Mayeh
Washing	Wessá (the ablution called "Wuzú"}
Watch	Zolanyá (night patrols through the city)
Water	Mí
Water-pot	Hán (S.)
Watered (garden, field, &c.)	Masnú
Wax	Shama (A.)
Way (road)	Uga
We	Inya; inyásh
Weak	Tákhúm aylá
Wealth	Bajíh dínat
Weaver	Hayyák (A )
Weigh	Amezní
Weight	Mízán (A.)
Well (water)	Zar (?)
Well (being)	Amán (A )
West	Írr kitbo (?); Kilmash (?)
Wet	Ruttá
What?	Mintá?
Of what sort?	Min Sinya (?)
Wheat	Ays (A. c.?)
Whence?	Áyde? (Whence comest thou? "Áyde be díchkhi?")
Where?	Baylá? belá?
Whetstone	Moláh
Whip	Kaytal (A. S.)
Whisper v.	Íshayt be assayní
Whistle	Afíj
White	Najíh
Who?	Min? (Who art thou? "Min Sinyintakh?")
Whore?	Gubnít
Why?	Millay? (Why cost thou beat me? "Millay gadalkháyn?")
Wick	Fatílat (A.)
Widow	Armalah (A.)
Widower	Indosh motbá
Wife	Indosh; mishtí
Wig (sheep-skin dyed red)	Gurud; arabjí karr; timá bayt (S.)
Wind	Dáf
Window	Taket (A. c.)
Wine	Gohay
Wipe, v.	Másh
Within	Usto
Without (outside)	Káchay
Without	Aylám; aylúm (?)
Without reason	Sabab biláy
Without hope	Haylad biláy
Wolf	Warábá (S.)
Woman	Indosh; mishtí
Woman (barren)	Tuldúmayt
Woman (pregnant)	Karsí-zálí
Wonder	Dink
Wonderful	Ajab (A.)
Wood	Inchí
Word	Sinán
Wound	Mahjá
Write	Kitab
Writing-board	Loh (A )
Y
Yard (court)	Katam-barí
Year	Amad
Last year	Amná
Every year	Jammí ammatúm
Yellow	Hurdí, fem. Hurdít
Yes!	Í; áy
Yet	Wílí
You	Akhákhásh
Young	Darmá
Youth	Darmásh (?)
Z
Zebra	Farrú (S.)
Zinc	Kayh birat

	Singular.		Plural.
1. I go,		Án iletákh (<A>)	1. Inyásh niletáná.
2. Thou goest,		Akhákh tiletínakh	2. Akhákhásh tiletákhú.
3. He goes,		Huwa yiletál	3. Hiyyásh yiletálú.